Introduction to the Books of the Bible
From the NIV Study Bible.
Copyright 2002
© Zondervan.
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· From the NIV Study Bible
· About the Book Introductions & Main Listing
The Book of Jeremiah 
Author and Date
 The
book preserves an account of the prophetic ministry of Jeremiah, whose personal
life and struggles are shown to us in greater depth and detail than those of
any other OT prophet. The meaning of his name is uncertain. Suggestions include
“The Lord exalts” and “The Lord establishes,” but a more likely proposal is
“The Lord throws,” either in the sense of “hurling” the prophet into a hostile
world or of “throwing down” the nations in divine judgment for their sins.
Jeremiah’s prophetic ministry began in 626 b.c. and ended sometime after 586
(see notes on 1:2–3). His ministry was immediately preceded by that of Zephaniah.
Habakkuk was a contemporary, and Obadiah may have been also. Since Ezekiel
began his ministry in Babylon in 593, he too was a late contemporary of the
great prophet in Jerusalem. How and when Jeremiah died is not known; Jewish
tradition, however, asserts that while living in Egypt he was put to death
by being stoned (cf. Heb 11:37).
Jeremiah was a member of the priestly household of Hilkiah. His hometown
was Anathoth (1:1), so he may have been a descendant of Abiathar (1Ki 2:26),
a priest during the days of King Solomon. The Lord commanded Jeremiah not to
marry and raise children because the impending divine judgment on Judah would
sweep away the next generation (16:1–4). Primarily a prophet of doom, he attracted
only a few friends, among whom were Ahikam (26:24), Gedaliah (Ahikam’s son,
39:14) and Ebed-Melech (38:7–13; cf. 39:15–18). Jeremiah’s closest companion
was his faithful secretary, Baruch, who wrote down Jeremiah’s words as the
prophet dictated them (36:4–32). He was advised by Jeremiah not to succumb
to the temptations of ambition but to be content with his lot (ch. 45). He
also received from Jeremiah and deposited for safekeeping a deed of purchase
(32:11–16), and accompanied the prophet on the long road to exile in Egypt
(43:6–7). It is possible that Baruch was also responsible for the final compilation
of the book of Jeremiah itself, since no event recorded in chs. 1–51 occurred
after 580 b.c. (ch. 52 is an appendix added by a later hand).
Given to self-analysis and self-criticism (10:24), Jeremiah has revealed
a great deal about himself. Although timid by nature (1:6), he received the
Lord’s assurance that he would become strong and courageous (1:18; 6:27; 15:20).
In his “confessions” (see 11:18–23; 12:1–4; 15:10–21; 17:12–18; 18:18–23; 20:7–18
and notes) he laid bare the deep struggles of his inmost being, sometimes making
startling statements about his feelings toward God (12:1; 15:18). On occasion,
he engaged in calling for redress against his personal enemies (12:1–3; 15:15;
17:18; 18:19–23; see note on Ps 5:10)—a practice that explains the origin of
the English word “jeremiad,” referring to a denunciatory tirade or complaint.
Jeremiah, so often expressing his anguish of spirit (4:19; 9:1; 10:19–20; 23:9),
has justly been called the “weeping prophet.” But it is also true that the
memory of his divine call (1:17) and the Lord’s frequent reaffirmations of
his commissioning as a prophet (see, e.g., 3:12; 7:2,27–28; 11:2,6; 13:12–13;
17:19–20) made Jeremiah fearless and faithful in the service of his God (cf.
15:20).
Background
Jeremiah began prophesying in Judah halfway through the reign of Josiah (640–609
b.c.) and continued throughout the reigns of Jehoahaz (609), Jehoiakim (609–598),
Jehoiachin (598–597) and Zedekiah (597–586). It was a period of storm and stress
when the doom of entire nations—including Judah itself—was being sealed. The
smaller states of western Asia were often pawns in the power plays of such
imperial giants as Egypt, Assyria and Babylon, and the time of Jeremiah’s ministry
was no exception. Ashurbanipal, last of the great Assyrian rulers, died in
627. His successors were no match for Nabopolassar, the founder of the Neo-Babylonian
empire, who began his rule in 626 (the year of Jeremiah’s call to prophesy).
Soon after Assyria’s capital city Nineveh fell under the onslaught of a coalition
of Babylonians and Medes in 612, Egypt (no friend of Babylon) marched northward
in an attempt to rescue Assyria, which would soon be destroyed. King Josiah
of Judah made the mistake of trying to stop the Egyptian advance, and his untimely
death near Megiddo in 609 at the hands of Pharaoh Neco II was the sad result
(2Ch 35:20–24). Jeremiah, who had found a kindred spirit in the godly Josiah
and perhaps had proclaimed the messages recorded in 11:1–8; 17:19–27 during
the king’s reformation movement, lamented Josiah’s death (see 2Ch 35:25 and
note).
Josiah’s son Jehoahaz (see NIV text note on 22:11), also knwn as Shallum,
is mentioned only briefly in the book of Jeremiah (22:10b–12), and then in
an unfavorable way. Neco put Jehoahaz in chains and made Eliakim, another of
Josiah’s sons, king in his place, renaming him Jehoiakim. Jehoahaz had ruled
for a scant three months (2Ch 36:2), and his reign marks the turning point
in the king’s attitude toward Jeremiah. Once the friend and confidant of the
king, the prophet now entered a dreary round of persecution and imprisonment,
alternating with only brief periods of freedom (20:1–2; 26:8–9; 32:2–3; 33:1;
36:26; 37:12–21; 38:6–13,28).
Jehoiakim remained relentlessly hostile toward Jeremiah. On one occasion,
when an early draft of the prophet’s writings was being read to Jehoiakim (36:21),
the king used a scribe’s knife to cut the scroll apart, three or four columns
at a time, and threw it piece by piece into the firepot in his winter apartment
(vv. 22–23). At the Lord’s command, however, Jeremiah simply dictated his prophecies
to Baruch a second time, adding “many similar words” to them (v. 32).
Just prior to this episode in Jeremiah’s life, an event of extraordinary
importance took place that changed the course of history: In 605 b.c., the
Egyptians were crushed at Carchemish on the Euphrates by Nebuchadnezzar (46:2),
the gifted general who succeeded his father Nabopolassar as ruler of Babylon
that same year. Neco returned to Egypt after heavy losses, and Babylon was
given a virtually free hand in western Asia for the next 70 years. Nebuchadnezzar
besieged Jerusalem in 605, humiliating Jehoiakim (Da 1:1–2) and carrying off
Daniel and his three companions to Babylon (Da 1:3–6). Later, in 598–597, Nebuchadnezzar
attacked Jerusalem again, and the rebellious Jehoiakim was heard of no more.
His son Jehoiachin ruled Judah for only three months (2Ch 36:9). Jeremiah foretold
the captivity of Jehoiachin and his followers (22:24–30), a prediction that
was later fulfilled (24:1; 29:1–2).
Mattaniah, Jehoiachin’s uncle and a son of Josiah, was renamed Zedekiah and
placed on Judah’s throne by Nebuchadnezzar in 597 b.c. (37:1; 2Ch 36:9–14).
Zedekiah, a weak and vacillating ruler, sometimes befriended Jeremiah and sought
his advice but at other times allowed the prophet’s enemies to mistreat and
imprison him. Near the end of Zedekiah’s reign, Jeremiah entered into an agreement
with him to reveal God’s will to him in exchange for his own personal safety
(38:14–27). Even then the prophet was under virtual house arrest until Jerusalem
was captured in 586 (38:28).
While trying to flee the city, Zedekiah was overtaken by the pursuing Babylonians.
In his presence his sons were executed, after which he himself was blinded
by Nebuchadnezzar (39:1–7). Nebuzaradan, commander of the imperial guard, advised
Jeremiah to live with Gedaliah, whom Nebuchadnezzar had made governor over
Judah (40:1–6). After a brief term of office, Gedaliah was murdered by his
opponents (41:1–9). Others in Judah feared Babylonian reprisal and fled to
Egypt, taking Jeremiah and Baruch with them (43:4–7). By that time the prophet
was probably over 70 years old. His last recorded words are found in 44:24–30,
the last verse of which is the only explicit reference in the Bible to Pharaoh
Hophra, who ruled Egypt from 589 to 570 b.c.
Theological Themes and Message
Referred to frequently as “Jeremiah the prophet” in the book that bears his
name (20:2; 25:2; 28:5,10–12,15; 29:1,29; 32:2; 34:6; 36:8,26; 37:2,3,6; 38:9–10,14;
42:2,4; 43:6; 45:1; 46:1,13; 47:1; 49:34; 50:1) and elsewhere (2Ch 36:12; Da
9:2; Mt 2:17; 27:9; see Mt 16:14), Jeremiah was ever conscious of his call
from the Lord (1:5; 15:19) to be a prophet. As such, he proclaimed words given
him by God himself (19:2) and therefore certain of fulfillment (28:9; 32:24).
Jeremiah had only contempt for false prophets (14:13–18; 23:13–40; 27:14–18)
like Hananiah (ch. 28) and Shemaiah (29:24–32). Many of his own predictions
were fulfilled in the short term (e.g., 16:15; 20:4; 25:11–14; 27:19–22; 29:10;
34:4–5; 43:10–11; 44:30; 46:13), and others were—or will yet be—fulfilled in
the long term (e.g., 23:5–6; 30:8–9; 31:31–34; 33:15–16).
As hinted earlier, an aura of conflict surrounded Jeremiah almost from the
beginning. He lashed out against the sins of his countrymen (44:23), scoring
them severely for their idolatry (16:10–13,20; 22:9; 32:29; 44:2–3,8,17–19,25)—which
sometimes even involved sacrificing their children to foreign gods (see 7:30–34
and notes). But Jeremiah loved the people of Judah in spite of their sins,
and he prayed for them (14:7,20) even when the Lord told him not to (7:16;
11:14; 14:11).
Judgment is one of the all-pervasive themes in Jeremiah’s writings, though
he was careful to point out that repentance, if sincere, would postpone the
otherwise inevitable. His counsel of submission to Babylon and his message
of “life as usual” for the exiles of the early deportations branded him as
a traitor in the eyes of many. Actually, of course, his advice not to rebel
against Babylon marked him as a true patriot, a man who loved his own people
too much to stand by silently and watch them destroy themselves. By warning
them to submit and not rebel, Jeremiah was revealing God’s will to them—always
the most sensible prospect under any circumstances.
For Jeremiah, God was ultimate.
The prophet’s theology conceived of the Lord as the Creator of all that exists
(10:12–16; 51:15–19), as all-powerful (32:27; 48:15; 51:57), as everywhere
present (23:24). Jeremiah ascribed the most elevated attributes to the God
whom he served (32:17–25), viewing him as the Lord not only of Judah but also
of the nations (5:15; 18:7–10; 25:17–28; chs. 46–51).
At the same time, God is very much concerned about individual people and
their accountability to him. Jeremiah’s emphasis in this regard (see, e.g.,
31:29–30) is similar to that of Ezekiel (see Eze 18:2–4), and the two men have
become known as the “prophets of individual responsibility.” The undeniable
relationship between sin and its consequences, so visible to Jeremiah as he
watched his beloved Judah in her death throes, made him—in the pursuit of his
divine vocation—a fiery preacher (5:14; 20:9; 23:29) of righteousness, and
his oracles have lost none of their power with the passing of the centuries.
Called to the unhappy task of announcing the destruction of the kingdom of
Judah (thoroughly corrupted by the long and evil reign of Manasseh and only
superficially affected by Josiah’s efforts at reform), it was Jeremiah’s commission
to lodge God’s indictment against his people and proclaim the end of an era.
At long last, the Lord was about to inflict on the remnant of his people the
ultimate covenant curse (see Lev 26:31–33; Dt 28:49–68). He would undo all
that he had done for them since the day he brought them out of Egypt. It would
then seem that the end had come, that Israel’s stubborn and uncircumcised (unconsecrated)
heart had sealed her final destiny, that God’s chosen people had been cast
off, that all the ancient promises and covenants had come to nothing.
But God’s judgment of his people (and the nations), though terrible, was
not to be the last word, the final work of God in history. Mercy and covenant
faithfulness would triumph over wrath. Beyond the judgment would come restoration
and renewal. Israel would be restored, the nations that crushed her would be
crushed, and the old covenants (with Israel, David and the Levites) would be
honored. God would make a new covenant with his people in which he would write
his law on their hearts (see 31:31–34 and notes; see also Heb 8:8–12 and note)
and thus consecrate them to his service. The new covenant was cast in the form
of ancient Near Eastern royal grant treaties and contained unconditional, gracious
and profoundly spiritual, moral, ethical and relational promises (see chart,
p. 23). The house of David would rule God’s people in righteousness, and faithful
priests would serve. God’s commitment to Israel’s redemption was as unfailing
as the secure order of creation (ch. 33).
Jeremiah’s message illumined the distant as well as the near horizon. It
was false prophets who proclaimed peace to a rebellious nation, as though the
God of Israel’s peace was indifferent to her unfaithfulness. But the very God
who compelled Jeremiah to denounce sin and pronounce judgment was the God who
authorized him to announce that the divine wrath had its bounds, its 70 years.
Afterward forgiveness and cleansing would come—and a new day, in which all
the old expectations, aroused by God’s past acts and his promises and covenants,
would yet be fulfilled in a manner transcending all God’s mercies of old.
Literary Features
Jeremiah is the longest book in the Bible, containing more words than any
other book. Although a number of chapters were written mainly in prose (chs.
7; 11; 16; 19; 21; 24–29; 32–45), including the appendix (ch. 52), most sections
are predominantly poetic in form. Jeremiah’s poetry is lofty and lyrical. A
creator of beautiful phrases, he has given us an abundance of memorable passages
(e.g., 2:13,26–28; 7:4,11,34; 8:20,22; 9:23–24; 10:6–7,10,12–13; 13:23; 15:20;
17:5–9; 20:13; 29:13; 30:7,22; 31:3,15,29–30,31–34; 33:3; 51:10).
Poetic repetition was used by Jeremiah with particular skill (see, e.g.,
4:23–26; 51:20–23). He understood the effectiveness of repeating a striking
phrase over and over. An example is “sword, famine and plague,” found in 15
separate verses (14:12; 21:7,9; 24:10; 27:8,13; 29:17–18; 32:24,36; 34:17;
38:2; 42:17,22; 44:13). He made use of cryptograms (see NIV text notes on 25:26;
51:1,41) on appropriate occasions. Alliteration and assonance were also a part
of his literary style, examples being zarim wezeruha (“foreigners
. . . to winnow her,” 51:2) and pah∆ad wapah∆at wapah∆ (“Terror and
pit and snare,” 48:43; see note on Isa 24:17). Like Ezekiel, Jeremiah was often
instructed to use symbolism to highlight his message: a ruined and useless
belt (13:1–11), a smashed clay jar (19:1–12), a yoke of straps and crossbars
(ch. 27), large stones in a brick pavement (43:8–13). Symbolic value is also
seen in the Lord’s commands to Jeremiah not to marry and raise children (16:1–4),
not to enter a house where there is a funeral meal or where there is feasting
(16:5–9), and to buy a field in his hometown, Anathoth (32:6–15). Similarly,
the Lord used visual aids in conveying his message to Jeremiah: potter’s clay
(18:1–10), two baskets of figs (ch. 24).
Outline
Unlike Ezekiel, the oracles in Jeremiah are not arranged in chronological
order. Had they been so arranged, the sequence of sections within the book
would have been approximately as follows: 1:1—7:15; ch. 26; 7:16—20:18; ch.
25; chs. 46–51; 36:1–8; ch. 45; 36:9–32; ch. 35; chs. 21–24; chs. 27–31; 34:1–7;
37:1–10; 34:8–22; 37:11—38:13; 39:15–18; chs. 32–33; 38:14—39:14; 52:1–30;
chs. 40–44; 52:31–34. The outline below represents an analysis of the book
of Jeremiah in its present canonical order.
- Call of the Prophet (ch. 1)
- Warnings and Exhortations to Judah (chs.
2–35)
- Earliest Discourses (chs. 2–6)
- Temple Message (chs. 7–10)
- Covenant and Conspiracy (chs. 11–13)
- Messages concerning the Drought (chs. 14–15)
- Disaster and Comfort (16:1—17:18)
- Command to Keep the Sabbath Holy (17:19–27)
- Lessons from the Potter (chs. 18–20)
- Condemnation of Kings, Prophets and People
(chs. 21–24)
- Foretelling the Babylonian Exile (chs. 25–29)
- Promises of Restoration (chs. 30–33)
- Historical Appendix (chs. 34–35)
- Sufferings and Persecutions of the Prophet
(chs. 36–38)
- Burning Jeremiah’s Scroll (ch. 36)
- Imprisoning Jeremiah (chs. 37–38)
- The Fall of Jerusalem and Its Aftermath
(chs. 39–45)
- The Fall Itself (ch. 39)
- Accession and Assassination of Gedaliah
(40:1—41:15)
- Migration to Egypt (41:16—43:13)
- Prophecy against Those in Egypt (ch. 44)
- Historical Appendix: Promise to Baruch (ch.
45)
- Judgment against the Nations (chs. 46–51)
- Against Egypt (ch. 46)
- Against Philistia (ch. 47)
- Against Moab (ch. 48)
- Against Ammon (49:1–6)
- Against Edom (49:7–22)
- Against Damascus (49:23–27)
- Against Kedar and Hazor (Arabia) (49:28–33)
- Against Elam (49:34–39)
- Against Babylon (chs. 50–51)
- Historical Appendix (ch. 52)
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